reference. 第四章 常被误用的词与短语(A–F)[eos-0005]
这里列出的许多词与短语,与其说是糟糕的英语,不如说是糟糕的文风,是粗心写作的老生常谈。正如Feature条下所示,恰当的修改往往不是用一个词或一组词去替换另一个词或一组词,而是用明确的陈述去替换含混的泛泛之论。
我们语言的形态并非一成不变;在用法问题上,我们没有一言九鼎的立法者。被后文的阐释激起好奇心、或由此产生疑问的学生,会希望进一步探究。有助于此类探究的书籍有:《韦氏大学英语词典》第十版(Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition);《美国传统英语词典》第三版(The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition);《韦氏第三版新国际英语词典》(Webster's Third New International Dictionary);R. W. Burchfield编《新福勒现代英语用法》第三版(The New Fowler's Modern English Usage, Third Edition);Wilson Follett与Erik Wensberg著《现代美式用法:指南》(Modern American Usage: A Guide);以及Theodore M. Bernstein著《细心的写作者》(The Careful Writer)。
Aggravate. Irritate.[usage-aggravate]
Aggravate. Irritate. 前者的意思是"加重"本已麻烦或恼人的事情或状况。后者的意思是"使恼怒"、"使烦扰"或"使烦躁"。
All right.[usage-all-right]
All right. 在熟悉的言谈中,作为一个独立短语,表示"Agreed(同意)"、"Go ahead(干吧)"或"O. K.(行)"的意思,是地道的用法。正确地书写应为两个词——all right。
Allude.[usage-allude]
Allude. 不要与elude混淆。你allude一本书(暗指一本书);你elude一个追赶者(躲避追赶者)。另请注意,allude与refer并非同义。暗指是一种间接的提及,而指称则是明确具体的提及。
Allusion.[usage-allusion]
Allusion. 容易与illusion混淆。前者意为"间接的提及";后者意为"不真实的影像"或"错误的印象"。
Alternate. Alternative.[usage-alternate]
Alternate. Alternative. 这两个词作为名词或形容词时并不总是可以互换。前者指一系列中每隔一个的那一个;后者指两种可能性中的一种。作为两者构成的一系列中的另一个,alternate可以表示"替代者",但alternative尽管用法相似,却含有"选择"之意,而这一含义在alternate中从不出现。
As the flooded road left them no alternative, they took the alternate route.
Among. Between.[usage-among]
Among. Between. 当涉及两个以上的事物或人时,通常要用among:
The money was divided among the four players.
然而,当涉及两个以上但每一个都被单独考虑时,则宜用between:
an agreement between the six heirs.
And/or.[usage-and-or]
And/or. 一种损害句子、并常常导致混乱或歧义的写法或捷径。
- 误:First of all, would an honor system successfully cut down on the amount of stealing and/or cheating?
- 正:First of all, would an honor system reduce the incidence of stealing or cheating or both?
Anticipate.[usage-anticipate]
Anticipate. 表示单纯的预期时,应用expect。
- 误:I anticipated that he would look older.
- 正:I expected that he would look older.
- 误:My brother anticipated the upturn in the market.
- 正:My brother expected the upturn in the market.
在第二例中,anticipated一词含义模糊。它可能仅仅表示这位兄弟相信行情会上涨,也可能表示他在预期上涨之前就采取了行动——也许是买进了股票。
Anybody.[usage-anybody]
Anybody. 表示"任何人"时,不应写成两个词。Any body意为"任何尸体"、"任何人的形体"或"任何群体"。这条规则同样适用于everybody、nobody和somebody。
Anyone.[usage-anyone]
Anyone. 表示"anybody(任何人)"时,写作一个词。Any one意为"任何一个单个人"或"任何一件单个事物"。
As good or better than.[usage-as-good-or-better-than]
As good or better than. 这类表达应通过重新安排句子来改正。
- 误:My opinion is as good or better than his.
- 正:My opinion is as good as his, or better (if not better).
As to whether.[usage-as-to-whether]
As to whether. Whether就足够了。
As yet.[usage-as-yet]
As yet. Yet几乎总是同样好,甚至更好。
- 误:No agreement has been reached as yet.
- 正:No agreement has yet been reached.
主要的例外是在句首,那里的yet含义不同。
Yet (or despite everything) he has not succeeded. As yet (or so far) he has not succeeded.
Being.[usage-being]
Being. 用在regard… as之后不恰当。
- 误:He is regarded as being the best dancer in the club.
- 正:He is regarded as the best dancer in the club.
But.[usage-but]
But. 用在doubt和help之后是多余的。
- 误:I have no doubt but that
- 正:I have no doubt that
- 误:He could not help but see that
- 正:He could not help seeing that
but作为连词过于频繁地使用,会导致规则18下所讨论的毛病。用but构成的松散句,通常可以改写成用although构成的掉尾句。
尤其别扭的是but紧跟另一个but,从而构成对照中的对照,或保留中的保留。这通过重新安排很容易改正。
- 误:Our country had vast resources but seemed almost wholly unprepared for war. But within a year it had created an army of four million.
- 正:Our country seemed almost wholly unprepared for war, but it had vast resources. Within a year it had created an army of four million.
Can.[usage-can]
Can. 意为"am (is, are) able(能够)"。不可用作may的替代。
Care less.[usage-care-less]
Care less. 表示不屑的"I couldn't care less",常被误用(而且令人费解地)省略了缩写的"not":"I could care less."这个错误破坏了句子的意思,实在粗心。
Case.[usage-case]
Case. 常常是多余的。
- 误:In many cases, the rooms lacked air conditioning.
- 正:Many of the rooms lacked air conditioning.
- 误:It has rarely been the case that any mistake has been made.
- 正:Few mistakes have been made.
Certainly.[usage-certainly]
Certainly. 有些说话者不加区分地使用它,就像另一些人使用very那样,试图加强任何一句话。这类矫揉的习惯在言谈中已属糟糕,在写作中则更糟。
Character.[usage-character]
Character. 常常纯属冗余,出于喜好冗长的习惯而使用。
- 误:acts of a hostile character
- 正:hostile acts
Claim (verb).[usage-claim]
Claim(动词). 接宾语名词时,意为"lay claim to(索取、主张所有权)"。如果确实意在表达这一含义,可以接从属子句:"She claimed that she was the sole heir."(但即便在这里,claimed to be也会更好。)不可用作declare、maintain或charge的替代。
- 误:He claimed he knew how.
- 正:He declared he knew how.
Clever.[usage-clever]
Clever. 注意这个词用于人时是一种意思,用于马时又是另一种意思。一匹clever的马是脾气温和的马,而不是机敏的马。
Compare.[usage-compare]
Compare. compare to是指出或暗示被认为本质上属于不同类别的事物之间的相似之处;compare with主要是指出被认为本质上属于同一类别的事物之间的差异。因此,人生曾被compared to朝圣之旅、戏剧、战斗;国会可以与英国议会compared with。巴黎曾被compared to古代雅典;它可以与现代伦敦compared with。
Comprise.[usage-comprise]
Comprise. 字面意思是"embrace(包含)":A zoo comprises mammals, reptiles, and birds(因为它"包含"或"包括"它们)。但动物并不comprise("包含")一个动物园——它们constitute(构成)一个动物园。
Consider.[usage-consider]
Consider. 意为"believe to be(认为是)"时不接as。
- 误:I consider him as competent.
- 正:I consider him competent.
当considered意为"examined(考察)"或"discussed(讨论)"时,它接as:
The lecturer considered Eisenhower first as soldier and second as administrator.
Contact.[usage-contact]
Contact. 作及物动词时,这个词含义模糊且自命不凡。不要contact别人;而要get in touch with them(与他们取得联系)、look them up(去找他们)、phone them(给他们打电话)、find them(找到他们)或meet them(与他们见面)。
Cope.[usage-cope]
Cope. 一个与with连用的不及物动词。在正式的写作中,人不说"cope",而说"cope with"某事或某人。
- 误:I knew they'd cope.(戏谑语)
- 正:I knew they would cope with the situation.
Currently.[usage-currently]
Currently. 在与现在时动词连用、表示now(现在)的意思时,currently通常是多余的;通过更精确地指称时间,能更好地达到强调效果。
- 误:We are currently reviewing your application.
- 正:We are at this moment reviewing your application.
Data.[usage-data]
Data. 与strata、phenomena和media一样,data是复数,最好与复数动词连用。不过,这个词正缓慢地被接受为单数。
- 误:The data is misleading.
- 正:These data are misleading.
Different than.[usage-different-than]
Different than. 在这里,逻辑支持既定的用法:一事物与另一事物相differ from,因此应说different from。或者用other than、unlike。
Disinterested.[usage-disinterested]
Disinterested. 意为"impartial(公正无私的)"。不要把它与uninterested混淆,后者意为"not interested in(对……不感兴趣)"。
Let a disinterested person judge our dispute. (an impartial person) This man is obviously uninterested in our dispute. (couldn't care less)
Divided into.[usage-divided-into]
Divided into. 不可误用为composed of。这条界限有时难以划清;无疑,戏剧分为若干幕,但诗则由若干节组成。一个苹果切开后分为若干块,但一个苹果由种子、果肉和果皮构成。
Due to.[usage-due-to]
Due to. 在状语短语中,被宽泛地用来代替through、because of或owing to。
- 误:He lost the first game due to carelessness.
- 正:He lost the first game because of carelessness.
在正确的用法中,它等同于attributable to:"The accident was due to bad weather";"losses due to preventable fires"。
Each and every one.[usage-each-and-every-one]
Each and every one. 推销员的行话。除对话外,应避免。
- 误:It should be a lesson to each and every one of us.
- 正:It should be a lesson to every one of us (to us all).
Effect.[usage-effect]
Effect. 作名词时意为"result(结果)";作动词时意为"to bring about(实现)"、"to accomplish(完成)"(不要与affect混淆,后者意为"to influence(影响)")。
作名词时,在关于时装、音乐、绘画及其他艺术的敷衍文字中常被宽泛地使用:"a Southwestern effect";"effects in pale green";"very delicate effects";"subtle effects";"a charming effect was produced."有明确意思要表达的写作者,不会躲进这样的含混之中。
Enormity.[usage-enormity]
Enormity. 只用于"monstrous wickedness(穷凶极恶)"这一含义。用它表达"巨大"时,即便不算错误,也会造成误导。
Enthuse.[usage-enthuse]
Enthuse. 一个由名词enthusiasm衍生出来的、令人恼火的动词。不推荐使用。
- 误:She was enthused about her new car.
- 正:She was enthusiastic about her new car.
- 误:She enthused about her new car.
- 正:She talked enthusiastically (expressed enthusiasm) about her new car.
Etc.[usage-etc]
Etc. 字面意思是"and other things(以及其他事物)";有时被宽泛地用来表示"and other persons(以及其他的人)"。这个短语等同于and the rest、and so forth,因此,如果这些说法中的任何一个都不足以达意——也就是说,如果读者会对任何重要细节心存疑问——就不应使用它。当它表示一份几乎已完整给出的清单的最后几项,或引文末尾无关紧要的词句时,最不容易招致反对。
在以such as、for example或任何类似表达引出的清单末尾,etc.是不正确的。在正式写作中,etc.并不合适。一个重要到需要用到etc.的条目,大概也重要到值得被点名。
Fact.[usage-fact]
Fact. 这个词只用于能够直接验证的事情,而不用于判断性的事情。某个事件发生在某个特定日期、铅在某个温度下熔化,这些是事实。但诸如拿破仑是现代最伟大的将领、加利福尼亚的气候宜人这样的结论,无论多么站得住脚,都不宜称为事实。
Facility.[usage-facility]
Facility. 为什么监狱、医院和学校非得突然变成"facilities(设施)"不可?
- 误:Parents complained bitterly about the fire hazard in the wooden facility.
- 正:Parents complained bitterly about the fire hazard in the wooden schoolhouse.
- 误:He has been appointed warden of the new facility.
- 正:He has been appointed warden of the new prison.
Factor.[usage-factor]
Factor. 一个陈腐的词;包含它的短语通常可以用更直接、更地道的说法替换。
- 误:Her superior training was the great factor in her winning the match.
- 正:She won the match by being better trained.
- 误:Air power is becoming an increasingly important factor in deciding battles.
- 正:Air power is playing a larger and larger part in deciding battles.
Farther. Further.[usage-farther]
Farther. Further. 这两个词常被互换使用,但有一个值得注意的区别:farther最适合用作表示距离的词,further则用于表示时间或数量。你追球比同伴追得farther(更远);你对一个题目探究得further(更深入)。
Feature.[usage-feature]
Feature. 又一个陈腐的词;像factor一样,它通常对所出现的句子毫无增益。
A feature of the entertainment especially worthy of mention was the singing of Allison Jones.
(最好用同样多的字数,说明Allison Jones唱了什么、以及她是怎样唱的。)
作动词时,意为"offer as a special attraction(作为特别卖点推出)",应避免。
Finalize.[usage-finalize]
Finalize. 一个浮夸、含义模糊的动词。(见第五章提醒21。)
Fix.[usage-fix]
Fix. 在美国口语中表示arrange、prepare、mend。这种用法已牢固确立。但请记住,这个动词源自figere:"to make firm(使牢固)"、"to place definitely(明确地放置)"。这些才是这个词更可取的含义。
Flammable.[usage-flammable]
Flammable. 一个奇特的做法,主要用处是挽救生命。表示"combustible(易燃)"的常用词是inflammable。但有些人被in-这个前缀弄糊涂,以为inflammable意为"不燃"。为此,汽油或爆炸物现在都标为FLAMMABLE。除非你驾驶的是这样一辆卡车、因而要顾及儿童和文盲的安全,否则还是用inflammable。
Folk.[usage-folk]
Folk. 一个集合名词,等同于people。只使用单数形式。Folks表示"父母"、"家人"、"在场的人"时,属于口语,对正式写作来说也过于随便。
- 误:Her folks arrived by the afternoon train.
- 正:Her father and mother arrived by the afternoon train.
Fortuitous.[usage-fortuitous]
Fortuitous. 限于指偶然发生之事;不可用来表示fortunate或lucky。