reference. 后记与术语表[eos-0009]
后记[afterword]
威尔·斯特伦克与E. B. 怀特是一对独特的合作者。与吉尔伯特和沙利文,或伍德沃德和伯恩斯坦不同,他们各自独立工作,相隔数十年。
我们无从得知斯特伦克教授是否特别留意过埃尔温·布鲁克斯·怀特——1919年他在康奈尔大学的一名学生。无论老师还是学生,都不可能意识到他们的名字会像今天这样被联系在一起。他们也想象不到,在两人相遇三十八年之后,怀特会把斯特伦克为学生写下的这本小书般的珍品拿出来打磨、扩充,并把它变成一部经典。
E. B. 怀特与斯特伦克一样体贴读者。他在斯特伦克的种种该做与不该做之外,增添了关于文字的力量、关于清楚表达思想与情感的段落。他在语法的基本构件之上,加入了修辞的维度。本版的编者也追随怀特的脚步,再次提供新的例句,并在适当之处更新用法。The Elements of Style仍是一本小书,小到足以、也重要到足以放进你的口袋,就像我把我的那本放进口袋一样。它帮助我写得更好。我相信它也能为你做到同样的事。
查尔斯·奥斯古德
形容词性修饰语[gloss-adjectival-modifier]
adjectival modifier相当于形容词、用来限定名词或代词意义的词、短语或子句:Your country;a turn-of-the-century style;people who are always late。
形容词[gloss-adjective]
adjective用来修饰、量化或以其他方式描述名词或代词的词。Drizzly November;midnight dreary;only requirement。
副词[gloss-adverb]
adverb用来修饰或以其他方式限定动词、形容词或另一副词的词。Gestures gracefully;exceptionally quiet engine。
副词短语[gloss-adverbial-phrase]
adverbial phrase起副词作用的短语。(参见短语。)Landon laughs with abandon。
一致[gloss-agreement]
agreement动词与其主语在人称和数上的一致(Karen goes to Cal Tech;her sisters go to UCLA),以及代词与其先行词在人称、数和性上的一致(As soon as Karen finished the exam, she picked up her books and left the room)。
先行词[gloss-antecedent]
antecedent代词所指代的名词。代词与其先行词必须在人称、数和性上一致。Michael and his teammates moved off campus。
同位语[gloss-appositive]
appositive紧跟在某名词之后、对该名词重新命名或补充识别信息的名词或名词短语。His brother, an accountant with Arthur Andersen, was recently promoted。
冠词[gloss-articles]
articlesa、an和the这三个词,用来标示或引入名词。定冠词the指某一特定事物:the report。不定冠词a和an指一般事物或尚未提及的事物:an apple。
助动词[gloss-auxiliary-verb]
auxiliary verb与主动词结合、以体现时态、人称和语态差异的动词。最常见的助动词是be、do和have的各种形式。I am going;we did not go;they have gone。(另见情态助动词。)
格[gloss-case]
case名词或代词的一种形式,反映其在句中作主语(they)、宾语(them)或所有者(their)的语法功能。She gave her employees a raise that pleased them greatly。
子句[gloss-clause]
clause包含主语和谓语的一组相关词。Moths swarm around a burning candle. While she was taking the test, Karen muttered to herself。
口语/俗语[gloss-colloquialism]
colloquialism适合非正式交谈、但通常不适合学术或商务写作的词或表达。They wanted to get even(而不是they wanted to retaliate)。
补语[gloss-complement]
complement补足谓语的词或短语(尤其是名词或形容词)。主语补语补足系动词,并对主语重新命名或加以描述:Martha is my neighbor. She seems shy. 宾语补语补足及物动词,通过描述或重新命名直接宾语来完成:They found the play exciting. Robert considers Mary a wonderful wife。
复合句[gloss-compound-sentence]
compound sentence由并列连词、关联连词或分号连接的两个或更多独立子句。Caesar conquered Gaul, but Alexander the Great conquered the world。
复合主语[gloss-compound-subject]
compound subject由并列连词或关联连词连接的两个或更多简单主语。Hemingway and Fitzgerald had little in common。
连词[gloss-conjunction]
conjunction连接单词、短语、子句或句子的词。并列连词and, but, or, nor, yet, so, for连接语法上对等的成分。关联连词(both, and;either, or;neither, nor)连接同类成分。
缩合词[gloss-contraction]
contraction一个词或一组词的缩短形式:can't表示cannot;they're表示they are。
关联表达[gloss-correlative-expression]
correlative expression参见连词。
从属子句[gloss-dependent-clause]
dependent clause包含主语和动词、但在句中从属于某个独立子句的一组词。从属子句以从属连词(如if, because, since)或关系代词(如who, which, that)开头。When it gets dark, we'll find a restaurant that has music。
直接宾语[gloss-direct-object]
direct object接受及物动词动作的名词或代词。Pearson publishes books。
动名词[gloss-gerund]
gerund动词的-ing形式,起名词作用:Hiking is good exercise. She was praised for her playing。
不定代词[gloss-indefinite-pronoun]
indefinite pronoun指代未指明的人(anybody)或事物(something)的代词。
独立子句[gloss-independent-clause]
independent clause包含主语和动词、可以单独成句的一组词。Raccoons steal food。
间接宾语[gloss-indirect-object]
indirect object表示及物动词动作向谁或为谁、对什么或为什么而施行的名词或代词。I asked her a question. Ed gave the door a kick。
不定式/分裂不定式[gloss-infinitive-split-infinitive]
infinitive/split infinitive在现在时中,由to后接动词原形构成的动词短语(to write)。当一个或更多词把to和动词分开时,就出现分裂不定式(to boldly go)。
不及物动词[gloss-intransitive-verb]
intransitive verb不带直接宾语的动词。His nerve failed。
系动词[gloss-linking-verb]
linking verb把句子主语与其补语连接起来的动词。Professor Chapman is a philosophy teacher. They were ecstatic。
松散句[gloss-loose-sentence]
loose sentence以主要意思开头、随后再附加修饰语、限定语和额外细节的句子:He was determined to succeed, with or without the promotion he was hoping for and in spite of the difficulties he was confronting at every turn.
主句[gloss-main-clause]
main clause独立子句,可以单独作为语法完整的句子。Grammarians quibble。
情态助动词[gloss-modal-auxiliaries]
modal auxiliaries任何与主动词结合、用以表达必要性(must)、义务(should)、许可(may)、概率(might)、可能性(could)、能力(can)或试探性(would)的动词。Mary might wash the car。
修饰语[gloss-modifier]
modifier限定、描述或限制某个词、短语或子句意义的词或短语。Frayed ribbon, dancing flowers, worldly wisdom。
主格代词[gloss-nominative-pronoun]
nominative pronoun作主语或主语补语的代词:I, we, you, he, she, it, they, who。
非限制性修饰语[gloss-nonrestrictive-modifier]
nonrestrictive modifier不限定或限制其所修饰成分核心意义的短语或子句。My youngest niece, who lives in Ann Arbor, is a magazine editor。
名词[gloss-noun]
noun命名人、地点、事物或观念的词。大多数名词有复数形式和所有格形式。Carol;the park;the cup;democracy。
数[gloss-number]
number名词、代词和少数动词的一种特征,指单数或复数。主语与其对应的动词必须在数上一致;代词应在数上与其先行词一致。A solo flute plays;two oboes join in。
分词短语[gloss-participial-phrase]
participial phrase带有相关修饰语、宾语或补语的现在分词或过去分词。The buzzards, circling with sinister determination, squawked loudly。
分词[gloss-participle]
participle起形容词作用的动词性形式。现在分词以-ing结尾(brimming);过去分词通常以-d或-ed结尾(injured)或以-en结尾(broken),但也可有其他形式(brought, been, gone)。
掉尾句/圆周句[gloss-periodic-sentence]
periodic sentence把主要意思放在末尾表达的句子。With or without their parents' consent, and whether or not they receive the assignment relocation they requested, they are determined to get married。
短语[gloss-phrase]
phrase作为整体起作用、但缺少主语、动词或两者皆缺的一组相关词。Without the resources to continue。
所有格[gloss-possessive]
possessive名词和代词表示所有权或占有关系的一种格(Harold's, ours, mine)。
谓语[gloss-predicate]
predicate子句或句子中的动词及其相关词。谓语表达主语做什么、经历什么或是什么。Birds fly. The partygoers celebrated wildly for a long time。
介词[gloss-preposition]
preposition把其宾语(名词、代词或-ing动词形式)与句中另一词联系起来的词。She is the leader of our group. We opened the door by picking the lock. She went out the window。
介词短语[gloss-prepositional-phrase]
prepositional phrase由介词、其宾语以及宾语的所有修饰语组成的一组词。Georgia on my mind。
主要动词[gloss-principal-verb]
principal verb主句或句子中起谓语作用的动词。
代词性所有格[gloss-pronominal-possessive]
pronominal possessive诸如hers、its和theirs之类的物主代词。
专有名词[gloss-proper-noun]
proper noun特定的人(Frank Sinatra)、地点(Boston)或事物(Moby Dick)的名称。专有名词要大写。普通名词指一类人(singers)、地点(cities)或事物(books),不大写。
关系从句[gloss-relative-clause]
relative clause由关系代词(如who, which, that)或关系副词(如where, when, why)引导的子句。
关系代词[gloss-relative-pronoun]
relative pronoun在句中把从属子句连接到主句的代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, what, whoever, whomever, whichever和whatever。
限制性词语、成分、子句[gloss-restrictive-term-element-clause]
restrictive term, element, clause限制或确定其所修饰或指明的句子成分核心意义的短语或子句。Professional athletes who perform exceptionally should earn stratospheric salaries. 由于斜体子句前后没有逗号,该子句是限制性的,表示只有那些表现格外出色的运动员才有资格获得这样的薪水。如果在who之前和exceptionally之后加上逗号,该子句就会变成非限制性的,表示所有职业运动员都应当获得天价薪水。
句子片段[gloss-sentence-fragment]
sentence fragment在语法上不是一个完整句子、却按一个句子来标点的一组词:Because it mattered greatly。
主语[gloss-subject]
subject表示句子谈论对象、并由句子的主要动词加以展开的名词或代词。The new Steven Spielberg movie is a box office hit。
从属子句[gloss-subordinate-clause]
subordinate clause从属于句中主句的子句。After we finish our work, we will go out for dinner。
句法[gloss-syntax]
syntax句子中词的顺序或排列。句法可以体现平行结构(I came, I saw, I conquered)、倒装(Whose woods these are I think I know)或其他形式特征。
时态[gloss-tense]
tense动词动作或状态所处的时间,如过去、现在或将来。Saw, see, will see。
过渡[gloss-transition]
transition通过显示观念之间的联系来帮助写作连贯的词或词组。William Carlos Williams was influenced by the poetry of Walt Whitman. Moreover, Williams's emphasis on the present and the immediacy of the ordinary represented a rejection of the poetic stance and style of his contemporary T. S. Eliot. In addition, Williams's poetry ....
及物动词[gloss-transitive-verb]
transitive verb需要直接宾语来补足其意义的动词:They washed their new car. 一个intransitive verb(不及物动词)不需要宾语来补足其意义:The audience laughed. 许多动词可以两者兼是:The wind blew furiously. My car blew a gasket。
动词[gloss-verb]
verb表达动作或表明主语状态的一个词或一组词。动词使句子activate。
动词性形式[gloss-verbal]
语态[gloss-voice]
voice动词的一种属性,表明其主语是主动(Janet played the guitar)还是被动(The guitar was played by Janet)。
术语表由Robert DiYanni编写。